Preparation key for IT job interviews | Quantica Technology

27th February 2013

In the IT sector, getting a foot in the door is crucial for any potential candidate fresh out of university.

Whether it be a business intelligence analyst job or an IT business analyst job, these positions will require a person to have a sit-down interview. A killer CV is obviously an important part of landing any new role at a company, but failure to prepare thoroughly for the interview could be the stumbling block and ultimately ruin a candidate's chances at getting their dream job.

Writing in the Newcastle newspaper The Journal, Bill Midgley, a north-east business executive, explains that for any student to excel at an interview they need to do their research before they even step in the room. Even the finer details such as dress sense can be a crucial factor and postgraduates should gauge the type of company they want to work and therefore pick the right clothes accordingly.

Mr Midgley wrote: "Business often criticises the world of teaching at all levels, so an opportunity to have an input and help young people understand just what that daunting world of work will expect of them must be taken. Surely we, as business, have that obligation to those who will be the future."

While having an extensive CV may give the candidate a sense of pride, Mr Midgley explains that long letters can be a turn-off for an employer. This is especially important when it comes to a position that is oversubscribed and this comes into consideration in the IT sector.

A recent study by FAST50 showed that demand within the IT job industry is growing at a rapid pace. Recruiter magazine stated that the profession now accounts for 24 per cent of the entire market. These figures are based on annual sales growth over a three-year period and have displayed the prowess of the sector.

The rankings note that the profession is currently booming and students leaving university will have to impress if they want to land that key job.

Source: http://www.quantica-technology.co.uk/latest-it-news/employment/preparation-key-for-it-job-interviews?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=preparation-key-for-it-job-interviews

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HTC learns in 2013 what Apple knew back in 2007: Widgets aren't widely used

For years there's been angst over iOS' lack of Home screen widgets. Nokia/Symbian/Meego/etc. has had them for what's probably been decades. Android has had them for years. Even Apple had widgets on OS X going back to Dashboard in OS X Tiger in 2005. iOS on the other hand has eschewed them completely until 2010/2011, and even then restricted them to the fast app switcher, Notification Center and Siri. That Apple had Dashboard should show they, as a company, didn't have an aversion to widgets, they just avoided them on the iOS Home screen. And a post on the HTC Blog today by their head of design, Drew Bamford may give some context as to why:

During our research [into customer experience], a few consistent patterns emerged:

• Most people don?t differentiate between apps and widgets.
• Widgets aren?t widely used ? weather, clock and music are the most used and after that, fewer than 10% of customers use any other widgets.
• Most of you don?t modify your home screens much. In fact, after the first month of use, approximately 80% of you don?t change your home screens any more.

Of those widely used widgets, iOS has a persistent clock on the status bar, a weather widget in Notification Center, and a music/media widget in the fast app switcher. In a nod to glance-ability, it also flips the dates on the Calendar icon, and adds counter badges to other icons.

And that's it. That's all. In iOS, the Home screen feels deliberately left barren, with the intent to drive you into apps. It's a launcher in the most literal sense of the term.

Of course, there are stats showing a lack of web browsing, among other things, on the Android platform, so this could just be part-and-parcel with a large percentage of the user base using Android simply as another dumb phone, to make calls and maybe check Facebook. HTC doesn't really break down who the 10%ers are are relative to the rest.

For me, I remain of a mind that widgets are just old tech. Pull data. I'm too lazy to go to a Home screen (or a fast app switcher, for that matter) to try and find data. I've never used them on any of my Android devices, and I'm not interested in them on iOS. They're inefficient. What I want is the opposite of widgets. I want data pushed to me where I am. Google Now gets some of that right, as do active notifications from webOS going back to 2009 and Android going back to 2012.

I've never understood why people wanted Apple to skate to where the widget puck was. I'd much rather they once again try to leap ahead and figure out more in-app (in-everywhere) data delivery methods.

HTC just learned something now, in 2013, that I think Dashboard had already taught Apple on by 2007. Widgets are what was. Now they all need to figure out what's next.

Source: HTC via Android Central

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/TheIphoneBlog/~3/NmLcCJEFxiE/story01.htm

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Invention opens the way to packaging that monitors food freshness

Feb. 27, 2013 ? Millions of tons of food are thrown away each year because the 'best before' date has passed. But this date is always a cautious estimate, which means a lot of still-edible food is thrown away. Wouldn't it be handy if the packaging could 'test' whether the contents are still safe to eat? Researchers at Eindhoven University of Technology, Universit? di Catania, CEA-Liten and STMicroelectronics have invented a circuit that makes this possible: a plastic analog-digital converter. This development brings plastic sensor circuits costing less than one euro cent within reach. Beyond food, these ultra-low-cost plastic circuits have numerous potential uses, including, pharmaceuticals.

The invention was presented last week at the ISSCC in San Francisco, an important conference on solid-state circuits.

Consumers and businesses in developed countries throw away around 100 kilograms of food per person (*), mainly because the 'best before' date on the packaging has passed. That waste is bad for consumers' budgets and for the environment. Much of this wastage results from the difficulty in estimating how long food will stay usable. To minimize the risk of selling spoiled food to consumers, producers show a relatively short shelf life on their packaging.

Less than one cent

To fight food waste, producers could include an electronic sensor circuit in their packaging to monitor the acidity level of the food, for example. The sensor circuit could be read with a scanner or with your mobile phone to show the freshness of your steak, or whether your frozen food was defrosted. Researcher Eugenio Cantatore of Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e): "In principle that's all already possible, using standard silicon ICs. The only problem is they're too expensive. They easily cost ten cents. And that cost is too much for a one euro bag of crisps. We're now developing electronic devices that are made from plastic rather than silicon. The advantage is you can easily include these plastic sensors in plastic packaging." The plastic semiconductor can even be printed on all kinds of flexible surfaces, which makes it cheaper to use. And it makes sensor circuits costing less than one eurocent achievable.

The very first printed ADC

The researchers have succeeded in making two different plastic ADCs (analog-to-digital converters). Each converts analog signals, such as the output value measured by a sensor, into digital form. One of these new devices is the very first printed ADC ever made. "This paves the way toward large area sensors on plastic films in a cost-effective way through printing manufacturing approaches," says Isabelle Chartier, Printed Electronics Business developer at CEA-Liten. The ISSCC rated the papers on these inventions as highlights of the conference.

Missing link

The new plastic ADCs bring applications in the food and pharmaceuticals industries within reach. A sensor circuit consists of four components: the sensor, an amplifier, an ADC to digitize the signal and a radio transmitter that sends the signal to a base station. The plastic ADC has been the missing link; the other three components already exist. "Now that we have all of the pieces, we need the integration," says Cantatore. He expects that it will still take at least five years before we can expect to see the new devices on supermarket shelves. Other potential applications are in pharmaceuticals, man-machine interfaces and in ambient intelligence systems in buildings or in transport.

Complex mathematics

Making this development was no easy task. The electrical characteristics of 'ordinary transistors' are highly predictable, while those of plastic transistors vary greatly. "All plastic transistors behave differently in the low-cost production processes at low temperatures," explains Cantatore. "That makes it much more difficult to use them in devices. You need complex mathematical models to be able to predict their behavior accurately."

The printed ADC circuit offers a resolution of four bits, and has a speed of two hertz. The circuits printed by CEA-Liten include more than 100 n- and p-type transistors and a resistance level on transparent plastic substrates. The carrier mobility of the printed transistors are above the amorphous silicon widely used in the display industry.

(*) 'Global Food Losses and Food Waste', a study by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2011

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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/matter_energy/electronics/~3/jqdsdEvt1WQ/130227085905.htm

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Bob Goodlatte On Immigration: 'We're Open' To Legalization For Undocumented Immigrants

WASHINGTON -- Rep. Bob Goodlatte (R-Va.) declined on Wednesday to define what he considers a pathway to citizenship for undocumented immigrants -- although he said he opposes a "special" pathway -- giving the legislator some wiggle room as he and his colleagues work on an immigration reform bill that could pass in the House.

"I would prefer to not try to define the details of how a legalization process would work until we know what the willingness is of the representatives of the people, after they've been briefed on the issue and had an opportunity to communicate with their constituents, to come back and let us know," the House Judiciary Committee chairman said at an event hosted by the Christian Science Monitor. "We're open to the idea that the large number of people who are not here lawfully are not a good thing to have ... operating in the shadows."

The definition of a "special pathway to citizenship" is a nebulous one, ranging from allowing undocumented immigrants to quickly begin a process of becoming citizens to simply giving them the ability to become citizens at all. Goodlatte acknowledged there is no set definition, but wouldn't offer his. Instead, he expressed openness to considering a number of options, including the type of pathway proposed by the Senate "gang of eight." The "gang of eight" proposal would allow undocumented immigrants to enter a process for a green card and eventual citizenship, but only after certain border provisions were met. Goodlatte didn't endorse the process specifically -- he said he still has a number of concerns -- but his reluctance to rule out any measures wholesale showed some flexibility.

"I do have concerns about a lot of the different proposals I've seen, and rather than negotiate those concerns in public, I think it's better to let the process work and see what kind of consensus we can develop," he said.

Goodlatte said last week that no pathway to citizenship for undocumented immigrants is needed, because as of now they aren't necessarily ruled out from green cards entirely.

"People have a pathway to citizenship right now: It's to abide by the immigration laws, and if they have a family relationship, if they have a job skill that allows them to do that, they can obtain citizenship," Goodlatte told NPR. "But simply someone who broke the law, came here, [to] say, 'I'll give you citizenship now,' that I don't think is going to happen."

Goodlatte made a similar point on Wednesday, saying he believes undocumented immigrants should be allowed to go through currently available channels, such as family-based visas through marriage, to receive green cards that would eventually allow them to become citizens. They could do the same if they were legalized through immigration reform, he said.

"Once you have that status, you can qualify like anyone else," Goodlatte said.

A number of House Republicans have, like Goodlatte, come out against a "special" pathway to citizenship as part of immigration reform. The argument is that allowing undocumented immigrants to become citizens through a special process could create an incentive for more people to enter the country without authorization, and would be unfair to those attempting to immigrate legally. Goodlatte said undocumented immigrants should instead be required to go through normal channels already in place and get at the "back of the line."

The idea of a "line" is problematic in some ways to immigration advocates -- many undocumented immigrants either have no option available at all, or one that could take decades -- but it's a common concept in reform proposals from both parties.

The most important issues in the definition, then, are whether undocumented immigrants should ever be allowed to become citizens, rather than becoming what advocates consider a permanent underclass that would be unable to vote, and whether the process should be reformed to make it easier to begin the naturalization process.

Goodlatte said undocumented immigrants should not be banned from ever becoming citizens, and that he was open to considering ways of making legalization somewhat easier for undocumented immigrants. That could be done by eliminating three- and 10-year bars that currently require people to go back to their native country and wait for years to re-enter legally, he said.

He declined to rule out some sort of separate visa for undocumented immigrants that wouldn't allow them to naturalize more quickly, but would by definition put them in a different category than other would-be green card holders.

"There's a broad spectrum between deportation and an easy, special pathway to citizenship to find a way to bring people out of the shadows and give them a legal status that would allow them to be better able to participate in our society," he said. "We should be focused there and recognizing as we do that there are millions of people who are not U.S. citizens who are in long lines, waiting to avail themselves of those opportunities, who have followed the legal process."

Most important, he said, is finding some sort of agreement through regular order in the House and Senate. That would mean that any bill should go through his committee, which handles immigration matters, and then to the House floor for a vote.

"We have a broken immigration system, and we should be working to try to solve all of it," he said. "But if we can't solve all of it, we should be solving as many parts of it as we can."

Earlier on HuffPost:

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Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/27/bob-goodlatte-immigration_n_2773662.html

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Deal of the Day: 44% off Marware MicroShell for iPhone 5

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Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/TheIphoneBlog/~3/1FXd3DRT8T8/story01.htm

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'Internet of Things' Can Cut Emissions 19%, Report Finds ...

Home????Internet of Things? Can Cut Emissions 19%, Report Finds

February 26, 2013

?Internet of Things? Can Cut Emissions 19%, Report Finds

Machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies could help reduce global GHG emissions by 9.1 billion metric tons by 2020, equivalent to 18.6 percent of global GHG emissions in 2011, according to a report by AT&T and the Carbon War Room.

?M2M? refers to technologies that facilitate connectivity of physical infrastructure and devices ? the so-called industrial internet, or internet of things. This will reduce the amount of energy and fuel required to perform tasks, thus lowering GHG emissions without restricting production or economic growth, the report explains.

Machine-to-Machine Technologies: Unlocking the Potential of a $1 Trillion Industry says global M2M device adoption will skyrocket between now and 2020, from 1.3 billion to 12.5 billion devices, and says larger enterprises are adopting M2M at a greater rate than small and medium businesses (see chart).

These technologies will also make society more efficient, which the report says is a ?money-making endeavor.? The report predicts connected machines will generate cost savings and new revenues that could add $10-$15 trillion to global GDP.

By 2020, M2M applications look most promising and profitable in four sectors, according to the report. These are:

• Energy: M2M such as smart-grid technologies could save more than 2 billion metric tons of CO2e in the energy sector. M2M can also facilitate the switch to renewable energy, thus further reducing emissions.
• Transportation: M2M could save about 1.9 billion metric tons of CO2e by making planes, trains, trucks and ships more efficient.
• The built environment: This sector could use M2M to save 1.6 billion metric tons of CO2e, by increasing energy efficiency of heating, cooling and ventilation, lighting, electronics, appliances and security systems.
• Agriculture: M2M could save 1.6 billion metric tons of CO2e by reducing deforestation, and increasing efficiency of planting, seeding, harvesting, fertilizer use and water use.

But a lack of universal standards for M2M applications and hardware and a lack of performance data, in addition to marketing challenges and a long sales cycle, present barriers to scaling M2M technologies, the report found.

To overcome these barriers, the report suggests convening experts to work on universal standards. It also recommends that companies offering M2M technologies build data collection and analytics into their offerings, and create new business models and sales strategies.

In a report published in late 2012, GE said the industrial internet could boost energy efficiency and account for more than $82 trillion in economic activity by 2025, Energy Manager Today reports.

Stay Up-to-Date On Environmental Management, Energy & Sustainability News with EL's Free Daily Newsletter

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Source: http://www.environmentalleader.com/2013/02/26/internet-of-things-can-cut-emissions-19-report-finds/

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Wireless connections creep into everyday things

In this Tuesday, Feb. 26, 2013, photo, a woman sits on an eCooltra Connected electric scooters at the Mobile World Congress, the world's largest mobile phone trade show, in Barcelona, Spain. The first wave of the wireless revolution was getting people to talk to each other through cellphones. The second, it seems, will be getting things to talk to each other, with no human intervention: cars that talk to your insurance company?s computers, bathroom scales that talk to your phone, and electric meters that talk to your air conditioners. So-called machine-to-machine technology all the buzz at this year?s largest wireless trade show, and some analysts believe these types of connection will outgrow the traditional phone business in less than a decade. (AP Photo/Manu Fernandez)

In this Tuesday, Feb. 26, 2013, photo, a woman sits on an eCooltra Connected electric scooters at the Mobile World Congress, the world's largest mobile phone trade show, in Barcelona, Spain. The first wave of the wireless revolution was getting people to talk to each other through cellphones. The second, it seems, will be getting things to talk to each other, with no human intervention: cars that talk to your insurance company?s computers, bathroom scales that talk to your phone, and electric meters that talk to your air conditioners. So-called machine-to-machine technology all the buzz at this year?s largest wireless trade show, and some analysts believe these types of connection will outgrow the traditional phone business in less than a decade. (AP Photo/Manu Fernandez)

BARCELONA, Spain (AP) ? A car that tells your insurance company how you're driving. A bathroom scale that lets you chart your weight on the Web. And a meter that warns your air conditioner when electricity gets more expensive.

Welcome to the next phase of the wireless revolution.

The first wave of wireless was all about getting people to talk to each other on cellphones. The second will be getting things to talk to each other, with no humans in between. So-called machine-to-machine communication is getting a lot of buzz at this year's wireless trade show. Some experts believe these connections will outgrow the traditional phone business in less than a decade.

"I see a whole set of industries, from energy to cars to health to logistics and transportation, being totally redesigned," said Vittorio Colao, the CEO of Vodafone Group PLC, in a keynote speech at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Spain. The British cellphone company has vast international interests, including its 45 percent ownership stake in Verizon Wireless.

Companies are promising that machine-to-machine, or M2M, technology will deliver all manner of services, from the prosaic to the world-changing. At U.S. chipmaker Qualcomm Inc.'s booth here at the show, there's a coffeepot that can be ordered to start brewing from a tablet computer, or an Internet-connected alarm clock. A former president of Costa Rica is also at the show, talking about how M2M can save massive amounts of greenhouse gases by making energy use more efficient ? enough to bring mankind halfway to the goal of halting global warming.

The M2M phenomenon is part of the larger drive to create an "Internet of Things" ?a global network that not only links computers, tablets and phones but that connects everything from bikes to washing machines to thermostats. Machina Research, a British firm, believes there will be 12.5 billion "smart" connected devices, excluding phones, PCs and tablets, in the world in 2020, up from 1.3 billion today.

But how does this transformation happen, and who stands to profit?

First, the devices have to be able to connect. That's not a trivial undertaking, especially considering that people don't upgrade washing machines or renovate their homes as often as they change cellphones and PCs. One company at the show, a Los Angeles-based startup named Tethercell, has an ingenious solution for battery-powered devices: a "fake" AA battery that houses a smaller AAA battery in an electronic jacket. It can be placed in a battery compartment with other batteries. Within a distance of 80 feet, some smartphones and tablets can then signal the "battery" to turn the device on or off. For instance, parents whose kids have a lot of noisy toys can turn all of them off with touch of a single button. A fire alarm could send a text-message warning that its battery is running low, rather than blaring an audio signal.

Unfortunately, a Tethercell from the first production run costs $35. Co-founder Kellan O'Connor believes the price can come down to $10, but that's still a non-trivial cost, and symptomatic of the high price of building out the Internet of Everything. For devices that need to connect at long range over a cellular network, the cost of radio components alone ranges from $10 to $70, according to analyst Dan Shey of ABI Research.

That's not expensive in the context of some big-ticket items, like cars, which have been forerunners when it comes to non-phone wireless connections. General Motors Corp. started equipping cars with OnStar wireless calling and assistance services in the mid-90s. At the show, it announced it is updating the service for faster data connections, enabling services like remote engine diagnostics and upgrades to the control software. AT&T Inc., which has been aggressive about getting into the M2M business, is ousting Verizon Wireless as the network provider for OnStar.

Colao, the CEO of Vodafone, gave an example of another "smart" car application that might seem intrusive to some: the company has been trying out a service in Italy that lets an auto insurance company know how much a car is being used, and charges premiums accordingly. It can also score the driver based on his or her driving style, and give pointers on how to handle the car more safely.

Cellular connections are creeping into smaller, cheaper devices. Ecooltra, which rents out electric scooters by the day in Spain, wants to connect them to the Internet, which would let renters figure out through their phones where there's a scooter for rent and how much of a charge is in its battery. The feature is perfect for quick, impromptu rentals by the hour. Adding "smarts" to the scooters in the shape of a cellular modem would turn the company from a conventional rental service to a "scooter-sharing" business, much like car-sharing services like Zipcar.

Once devices are connected, the next problem is getting them to talk to each other, and making sense of what they're saying. ABI's Shey says this is the real business opportunity in M2M, more valuable than making the modems or providing the wireless connections. He believes that's driving a behind-the-scenes scramble of deal-making at the show, as companies like AT&T seek to bolster their ability to support M2M by acquiring companies that provide a "middle layer" of software between the devices and their owners.

For connections between devices in the home, like that remote-controlled coffee-pot, Qualcomm touts its AllJoyn project, which it seeks to make an industry standard. Currently, the main ways for devices to connect to each other and figure out what they can do, like Bluetooth and DLNA, are too limited and difficult to use, said Rob Chandhok, president of Qualcomm Innovation Center.

With AllJoyn, "there's nothing to stop you from making a speaker that listens for notifications and turns them into speech, so you hear, 'Hey, you left the refrigerator door open!'" Chandhok said. "You take very simple things and connect them, and people build experiences on top of them. That's what we're trying to do."

Jose Maria Figueres, the former president of Costa Rica, is now the president of the Carbon War Room, an organization co-founded by billionaire Richard Branson to promote cutbacks in greenhouse-gas emissions through smart private enterprise. Figueres believes M2M has huge potential to wring efficiency out of energy-guzzling activities, and could reduce emissions equivalent to 9.1 billion tons of carbon dioxide by 2020 ? roughly equal to the combined emissions of India and the U.S. today.

Vodafone provided one example of how this might be done. The city of Groningen in the Netherlands has put sensors in the trash containers that serve public-housing units. They alert trash haulers when they need to be emptied, saving on unnecessary trips and reducing fuel use by 18 percent.

With M2M, "in many cases you have information moving instead of us moving," Figueres said.

In another example, Dutch authorities started controlling their street lights wirelessly rather than with "dumb" timers. They save on energy by dimming the lights if traffic is scant, but can also turn them on early if the day is dark.

Could M2M be overhyped ? a promise that won't deliver? The wireless industry is no stranger to rosy projections that don't pan out. Shey, the ABI analyst, thinks M2M will deliver, but perhaps not in a sexy, flashy way. When machine-to-machine connections are created, he said, it's usually not because someone is making a big bet on the future, but because they save money.

"It's about gaining more out of the asset that you have, like a truck. When it needs maintenance it gets maintenance at the right point. Or ensuring that the vending-machine guy only goes to the vending machine when it's empty," he said.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/f70471f764144b2fab526d39972d37b3/Article_2013-02-27-Wireless%20Show-Internet%20of%20Everything/id-7dab9ca2d8a441efbedc8c3cb7b53470

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Dell Wireless Dock Offers Untethered Docking Experience ...

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There is a new wireless dock in tow, which is known as the Dell Wireless Dock that is touted by Dell (of course) to deliver best-in-class untethered docking experience alongside the Dell Latitude 6430u Ultrabook for speedy, flexible connectivity between devices and peripherals. The WiGig standard is being championed by Dell and Wilocity, where it ushers in a new age of mainstream wireless connectivity by boasting speeds of up to 10 times faster compared to normal Wi-Fi, not to mention being able to transmit high quality video streams without missing a beat.

The Dell Wireless Dock intends to spearhead the docking solution market by offering the latest multi-gigabit tri-band Wi-Fi standard (WiGig) which will also be compatible with the award-winning Dell Latitude 6430u Ultrabook, making it the ideal connectivity solution in conference rooms and classrooms, helping usher the world into a new world of wireless connectivity. Expect to pick up the Dell Wireless Dock for $249. [Press Release]

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Source: http://www.ubergizmo.com/2013/02/dell-wireless-dock-offers-untethered-docking-experience/

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Child asthma reduced by smoking bans - Mother Nature Network

Child asthma reduced by smoking bans

British study finds a significant drop in hospital admissions for childhood asthma attacks after a law is enacted banning smoking in enclosed spaces.

Mon, Jan 21 2013 at 2:09 PM

A new study in the United Kingdom has some good news for children who suffer from asthma. According to researchers at the Imperial College London, childhood asthma attacks have dropped significantly since a law was enacted in 2007 banning smoking in enclosed spaces.

?

The new study, which was published in a recent issue of Pediatrics, found that the hospital admissions for children suffering from asthma attacks dropped more than 12 percent in the first year after the law was introduced in July 2007. ?The admission rates continued to decline in subsequent years suggesting that the health benefits from the law have had a sustained effect on England's kids.

?

Before the ban was implemented, hospital admissions for childhood asthma attacks were rising at a rate of 2.2 percent per year, with admissions hitting a peak of 26,969 admissions in 2006-07. ?Researchers estimate that the rapid decline in admissions, which began immediately after the law came into effect, is equivalent to 6,800 fewer hospital admission within the first three years after the law came into effect. ?

?

The decline in hospital admissions was seen across the board in both boys and girls and for children living in poor neighborhoods or wealthier communities.?

The opinions expressed by MNN Bloggers and those providing comments are theirs alone, and do not reflect the opinions of MNN.com. While we have reviewed their content to make sure it complies with our Terms and Conditions, MNN is not responsible for the accuracy of any of their information.

Source: http://www.mnn.com/health/fitness-well-being/blogs/child-asthma-reduced-by-smoking-bans

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Linking insulin to learning: Insulin-like molecules play critical role in learning and memory

Feb. 26, 2013 ? Though it's most often associated with disorders like diabetes, Harvard researchers have shown how the signaling pathway of insulin and insulin-like peptides plays another critical role in the body -- helping to regulate learning and memory.

In addition to showing that the insulin-like peptides play a critical role in regulating the activity of neurons involved in learning and memory, a team of researchers led by Yun Zhang, Associate Professor of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, show that the interaction between the molecules can fine-tune how, or even if, learning takes place. Their work is described in a February 6 paper in Neuron.

"People think of insulin and diabetes, but many metabolic syndromes are associated with some types of cognitive defects and behavioral disorders, like depression or dementia," Zhang said. "That suggests that insulin and insulin-like peptides may play an important role in neural function, but it's been very difficult to nail down the underlying mechanism, because these peptides do not have to function through synapses that connect different neurons in the brain"

To get at that mechanism, Zhang and colleagues turned to an organism whose genome and nervous system are well described and highly accessible by genetics -- C. elegans.

Using genetic tools, researchers altered the small, transparent worms by removing their ability to create individual insulin-like compounds. These new "mutant" worms were then tested to see whether they would learn to avoid eating a particular type of bacteria that is known to infect the worms. Tests showed that while some worms did learn to steer clear of the bacteria, others didn't -- suggesting that removing a specific insulin-like compound halted the worms' ability to learn.

Researchers were surprised to find, however, that it wasn't just removing the molecules that could make the animals lose the ability to learn -- some peptide was found to inhibit learning.

"We hadn't predicted that we would find both positive and negative regulators from these peptides," Zhang said. "Why does the animal need this bidirectional regulation of learning? One possibility is that learning depends on context. There are certain things you want to learn -- for example, the worms in these experiments wanted to learn that they shouldn't eat this type of infectious bacteria. That's a positive regulation of the learning. But if they needed to eat, even if it is a bad food, to survive, they would need a way to suppress this type of learning."

Even more surprising for Zhang and her colleagues was evidence that the various insulin-like molecules could regulate each other.

"Many animals, including the humans, have multiple insulin-like molecules and it appears that these molecules can act like a network," she said. "Each of them may play a slightly different role in the nervous system, and they function together to coordinate the signaling related to learning and memory. By changing the way the molecules interact, the brain can fine tune learning in a host of different ways."

Going forward, Zhang said she hopes to characterize more of the insulin-like peptides as a way of better understanding how the various molecules interact, and how they act on the neural circuits for learning and memory.

Understanding how such pathways work could one day help in the development of treatment for a host of cognitive disorders, including dementia.

"The signaling pathways for insulin and insulin-like peptides are highly conserved in mammals, including the humans," Zhang said. "There is even some preliminary evidence that insulin treatment, in some cases, can improve cognitive function. That's one reason we believe that if we understand this mechanism, it will help us better understand how insulin pathways are working in the human brain."

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Harvard University.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Journal Reference:

1. Zhunan Chen, Michael Hendricks, Astrid Cornils, Wolfgang Maier, Joy Alcedo, Yun Zhang. Two Insulin-like Peptides Antagonistically Regulate Aversive Olfactory Learning in C.?elegans. Neuron, 2013; 77 (3): 572 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.11.025

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/~3/HFukdteMQE0/130226162837.htm

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The Psychology of Flossing | World of Psychology

Why is it so tough to remember to floss?

I rarely run into patients who can?t remember to brush their teeth twice a day, but even the most conscientious among us come to their hygiene appointment anxious and awaiting the hygienist?s lecture about flossing.

Flossing can be icky and awkward ? no one likes feeling like they?re shoving their entire fist into their mouth. But the reason why we don?t make flossing a habit is a bit more complicated and has its roots in psychology.

During the early 1900s, right around World War I, dental hygiene was so bad, it was said to be a national security risk. Why? People weren?t brushing their teeth, of course, and the 1900s marks the period when Americans first began to consume sugary, ready-to-eat processed foods, such as crackers, breads, and potato chips.

America?s brushing habits were forever changed at this point by a toothpaste campaign that told people, ?Just run your tongue across your teeth. You?ll feel a film ? that?s what makes your teeth look ?off color? and invites decay. Why would you keep a dingy film on your teeth? Our toothpaste removes the film!?

As Charles Duhigg explains in his book, The Power of Habit, the success of this campaign was in its ability to create a craving in people, which is at the heart of all habits.

In order to make a habit, Duhigg asserts, you need the following:

1. A simple and obvious cue
2. A clearly defined reward

When people ran their tongue across their teeth as the campaign instructed, that became a simple and obvious cue for them to brush their teeth. The reward? Removing the ?dingy film? on their teeth. The ad people had created a craving. If people forgot to brush, they missed that ?tingling clean feeling.?

Now, back to flossing. The problem with flossing is there is no instant gratification, no clearly defined reward. People don?t think it?s working.

Unfortunately, our brains are not wired to develop habits that will do good things for our health 10 or 20 years later.

Flossing is going to prevent decay, keep your teeth and smile looking young as you age, prevent your teeth from falling out, prevent gum recession, expensive dental bills, and pain ? so trick your brain into making it an effortless routine that you perform on autopilot.

Start with giving yourself a simple and obvious cue (you might decide to floss every night before bed) and a clearly defined reward, like a favorite flavor of floss. For children, a sticker for every day on a flossing calendar in the bathroom is a great way to cement the habit.

• Create a cue. I tell my patients to take a blank Post-it and stick it on your mirror. That?s a cue. Don?t write things like ?floss? on it ? that sounds too authoritarian and disciplinary. Every time you see that Post-it, you?ll know deep down that means to floss. I did this to get into the habit myself.
• Make it easy. Keep floss stashed everywhere. The samples of floss you get from the dentist are great for this. Keep one in your desk drawer at work, your gym bag, in the car, in your laptop bag, and your travel toiletry case. We might not think of flossing late at night before bed because we?re tired, but the thought (or craving) could hit you during the day.
• Invest in a flossing stick, which is basically like the handle of a toothbrush, but with floss on the top. These are fantastic, I use one myself. They turn flossing into a one-handed operation and are awesome for multi-taskers ? you can flip through your phone with one hand while flossing with the other.
• Take the pressure off. Don?t do what the hygienist tells you, which is to floss every day. This can be too much of a jump and too much to expect right off the bat. It?s easy to get frustrated when trying to get in the habit of flossing, especially since so much coordination is involved with it.

  What I tell my patients is, floss once a week. What ends up happening is they floss once, and a few days later, begin to crave the feeling again. When you floss once, you get the sensation of the separation of the teeth, stimulation of the gums ? it?s a distinct feeling, almost like a massage. Which is why you?ll crave it again. This can be a much better way to break into the habit of flossing daily.

You can think of flossing like kicking over an anthill each day. You can kick the anthill to destroy it, but each day, the ants come back and build a new one. Flossing one week before your appointment with the hygienist isn?t going to prevent gum disease, tooth decay, and gum recession ? but keeping up with that ?anthill? and flossing daily, will.

Dr. Mark Burhenne, DDS is dedicated to empowering the world with his groundbreaking approach to dental and oral health. He is a family and cosmetic dentist and founder of Ask the Dentist . Through his private practice, education and volunteer efforts, writing, research, and advocacy, he empowers the world to understand that the health of the mouth is critical to the health of the whole body and ultimately helping people to establish the habits that halt disease and the aging process and keep the body healthy for the rest of their lives.

Like this author?
Catch up on other posts by Mark Burhenne, DDS (or subscribe to their feed).

????Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 25 Feb 2013
????Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.

APA Reference
Burhenne, M. (2013). The Psychology of Flossing. Psych Central. Retrieved on February 27, 2013, from http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2013/02/25/the-psychology-of-flossing/

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Source: http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2013/02/25/the-psychology-of-flossing/

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Tweaking gene expression to repair lungs

Tuesday, February 26, 2013

Lung diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are on the rise, according to the American Lung Association and the National Institutes of Health.

These ailments are chronic, affect the small airways of the lung, and are thought to involve an injury-repair cycle that leads to the breakdown of normal airway structure and function. For now, drugs for COPD treat only the symptoms.

"A healthy lung has some capacity to regenerate itself like the liver," notes Ed Morrisey, Ph.D., professor of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology and the scientific director of the Penn Institute for Regenerative Medicine in the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania. "In COPD, these reparative mechanisms fail."

Morrisey is looking at how epigenetics controls lung repair and regeneration. Epigenetics involves chemical modifications to DNA and its supporting proteins that affect gene expression. Previous studies found that smokers with COPD had the most significant decrease in one of the enzymes controlling these modifications, called HDAC2.

"HDAC therapies may be useful for COPD, as well as other airway diseases," he explains. "The levels of HDAC2 expression and its activity are greatly reduced in COPD patients. We believe that decreased HDAC activity may impair the ability of the lung epithelium to regenerate."

Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, they showed that development of progenitor cells in the lung is specifically regulated by the combined function of two highly related HDACs, HDAC/1 and /2. Morrisey and colleagues published their findings in this week's issue of Developmental Cell.

By studying how HDAC activity, as well as other epigenetic regulators, controls lung development and regeneration, they hope to develop new therapies to alleviate the unmet needs of patients with asthma and COPD.

HDAC1/2 deficiency leads to a loss of expression of the key transcription factor, a protein called Sox2, which in turn leads to a block in airway epithelial cell development. This is affected in part by deactivating a repressor of expression (derepressing) of two other proteins, Bmp4 and the tumor suppressor Rb1 - targets of HDAC1/2.

In the adult lung, loss of HDAC1/2 leads primarily to increased expression of inhibitors of cell proliferation including the proteins Rb1, p16, and p21. This results in decreased epithelial proliferation in lung injury and inhibition of regeneration.

Together, these data support a critical role for HDAC-mediated mechanisms in regulating both development and regeneration of lung tissue. Since HDAC inhibitors and activators are currently in clinical trials for other diseases, including cancer, such compounds could be tested in the future for efficacy in COPD, acute lung injury, and other lung diseases that involve defective repair and regeneration, says Morrisey.

###

University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine: http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/news/

Thanks to University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine for this article.

This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.

This press release has been viewed 22 time(s).

Source: http://www.labspaces.net/127010/Tweaking_gene_expression_to_repair_lungs

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Fortnight Feature No. 5 - Social Channels for Businesses - Chicago ...

Choosing a Table in the Social Media Cafeteria

The Facebook table got all the tater tots

Thought you left high school behind? It doesn?t seem like it when choosing a social media platform feels a lot like finding a seat in your old cafeteria.

With the ongoing push towards content marketing and social outreach, it can be difficult to know where to begin. As a business, it?s important to not rush into it, and equally important to know which social channel is best suited to support your industry and the content you?re able to produce.

Over the last two weeks, we investigated the nature of six prominent social channels, with a special emphasis on LinkedIn. With its singular focus on business, and appreciation of long-form, pragmatic content, LinkedIn is a good place to debut your company?s social media presence.

By refining your company page, joining industry groups, and engaging in business conversations, you can practice your online social skills in a ?safe place? where there will be little chance of being hazed as a result of your identity as a business. Once you feel comfortable navigating an online forum, you can branch out to the more versatile, social channels like Facebook or Pinterest ? or you may find that LinkedIn provides all the social benefits your business needs.

Below are some links that can help you use LinkedIn. We?ve also included our blog post that profiles each of the six social channels so you can appropriately tailor your content for each forum you choose to join.

Social Channels

Choosing the Right Social Media Channel for your Business

Social Media Explained in 6th grade English

LinkedIn News

Quarterly profits boost shares 10%

Recruiter rates increase with revenue surge

The rise of LinkedIn?s news feed

Future as professional publishing hub

LinkedIn Tips for Businesses

Why businesses should use LinkedIn for Social Media Marketing

6 tools for small businesses

3 ways to boost sales

Why connections aren?t networks

Professional networking or publishing giant?

LinkedIn Today as the perfect morning paper

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About Sam Mock

Sam Mock is an SEO Content Specialist at Chicago Style SEO, a full service Internet marketing firm. He is particularly interested in the growing importance of writers in shaping the Internet. Find him on Google+.

Source: http://www.chicagostyleseo.com/2013/02/fortnight-feature-no-5-social-channels-for-businesses/

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Fan's NASCAR accident video back on YouTube

Suzanne Choney , NBC News ? ? ? 9 hrs.

When a YouTube video is taken down for copyright infringement, most people get it: Don't post videos that are someone else's legal property. But when YouTube quickly re-posts a video it had pulled, that's an unusual step for the largest video-sharing site in the world.

At NASCAR's request, the Google-owned YouTube removed the 1 minute-and-16-second video taken by a high school student, Tyler Andersen, who was at the the NASCAR Nationwide Series auto race at Daytona Beach Saturday. His video captured part of the horrific accident that injured at least 28 fans, with chunks of debris flying into the stands.

When Andersen posted the video on YouTube, he was clear about his reason for doing so:

No disrespect intended to any of those injured or their families. I was just sharing my experience with a worldwide audience. I will continue to keep all affected by this incident in my prayers and I thank God for protecting me. Thank you.

NASCAR asked Google to take down the video, and it did. The Atlantic Wire points out that "NASCAR's legal fine print on any ticket says they own the rights to any video, sounds or data related to a race. The question became, eventually, whether or not that legal fine print extended to a fan video. Observers criticized NASCAR for taking the video down in the middle of a news story that was still unfolding."

But NASCAR says this wasn't about copyright infringement.

"The fan video of the wreck on the final lap of today's NASCAR Nationwide Series race was blocked on YouTube out of respect for those injured in today's accident," Steve Phelps, NASCAR's senior vice president and chief marketing officer, said on Saturday in a statement shared with NBC News.

"Information on the status of those fans was unclear and the decision was made to err on the side of caution with this very serious incident."

And so YouTube reversed course, allowing the video back up late Saturday, saying in a statement to The Washington Post, and again Monday to NBC News:

Our partners and users do not have the right to take down videos from YouTube unless they contain content which is copyright infringing, which is why we have reinstated the videos.

By late Monday, the video had done well over 600,000 views. NBC News has asked YouTube for comment, and will update this post when we hear back.

Phelps reiterated NASCAR's stance in a statement to NBC News: "This was never a copyright issue. This was never a censorship issue," he said. "The video ... was blocked out of respect for those injured in the accident. Google decided to lift that block."

What does it mean for most of us, who walk around with HD camcorders in our smartphones? Does the fact that Andersen's video continues to survive ? and even thrive ? mean that we can post our own footage of ticketed sporting events? Though tickets tend to warn against such behavior, are we really forbidden from taking a video and posting it on YouTube?

In many cases, yes. If the ticket is a contract, you may be in breach.

YouTube's "decision to allow the video to remain available, while a positive sign in terms of YouTube's willingness to scrutinize claims of copyright infringement, does not in any way prevent NASCAR from pursuing other remedies against the poster of the video ? including, potentially, enforcement of the contract embodied on the ticket or a direct claim of copyright infringement against the poster," Jeffrey P. Hermes, director of the Digital Media Law Project at Harvard's Berkman Center for Internet & Society, told NBC News Monday.

(In this instance, NASCAR has not indicated it would pursue such action.)

However, "NASCAR also cannot claim that the fan has granted NASCAR ownership of that recording based merely on the fine print on the back of a ticket," Hermes said.

Besides, he thinks there's "a serious question as to whether NASCAR has a valid copyright claim in an unscripted sporting event," such as Saturday's race. It's the kind of event, he said, that is "different from a scripted 'performance'" such as a rock concert "in which copyright might arise under U.S. law."

(Translation: Don't even think about posting that Beyonc? concert footage.)

Corynne McSherry, intellectual property director of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, told NBC News Monday that YouTube's decision to re-post the NASCAR video is "the right decision, because NASCAR does not hold the copyright in a fan video."

The EFF has seen this sort of thing before. When Showing Animals Respect and Kindness, an animal-rights activist group, filmed rodeos in order to demonstrate alleged abuse, the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association fired back, requesting takedown of 13 videos. At the time, YouTube responded by eliminating the activists' account.

When the EFF took the case to court, it was settled in 2009. The agreement protects the group's "right to publicize their critiques."

"The (rodeo association) has no copyright claim in live rodeo events, just as NASCAR has no copyright claim in fan videos," says McSherry.

While the case didn't set a precedent, she said, "the law on this is not ambiguous: absent some other arrangement or exception (such as a work for hire), copyright goes to the person who created the video, not the person who created the event."

Check out Technology, GadgetBox, Digital Life and In-Game on Facebook, and on Twitter, follow Suzanne Choney.

Source: http://www.nbcnews.com/technology/technolog/fans-nascar-accident-video-returns-youtube-after-takedown-1C8537538

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Jodi Arias Trial: Prosecutor Says He 'Can't Subpoena God'

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

The trial of Jodi Ann Arias, which began Jan. 2, is one of the biggest court proceedings to take place since Casey Anthony was acquitted of murdering her child. The 32-year-old photographer is accused of shooting her lover, Travis Alexander, in the face, stabbing him 27 times and slitting his throat from ear to ear in the shower of his Mesa, Ariz., apartment. The case, which has been more than four years in the making, has routinely captured headlines around the world, especially as the details became public.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>September 2006</strong> ? Travis Alexander met Jodi Arias at a conference in Las Vegas. At the time, Alexander was a 30-year-old motivational speaker and legal-insurance salesman. Arias, then 28, was living in Yreka, Calif., and was trying to make it as a saleswoman and an independent photographer. The two had an instant connection and spoke on the phone every day. Court records indicate that the couple exchanged 82,000 emails.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>November 26, 2006</strong> ? Because Alexander was a Mormon, Arias chose to be baptized into the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. <strong>February 2, 2007</strong> ? Alexander and Arias began dating. <strong>June 29, 2007</strong> ? Alexander and Arias broke up. Although they were no longer dating, the couple maintained a physical relationship. <strong>December 2007</strong> ? Alexander began dating another woman. He allegedly told friends that Arias was so jealous that she slashed the tires on his vehicle twice. After those incidents, his new girlfriend received a harassing email from a "John Doe." Alexander suspected that Arias was responsible.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>January 8, 2008</strong> ? Arias, according to prosecutors, sent this text to Alexander: "Ahhh!! I fell asleep! But to answer your question, yes I want to grind you. And I want to be LOUD. And I want to give you a nice, warm 'mouth hug' too. :)" <strong>January 18, 2008</strong> ? Arias, according to prosecutors, sent this text to Alexander: "My p---y is SO WET." <strong>March 2008</strong> ? Arias and Alexander visited several states together, including Oklahoma and Texas.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>April 2008</strong> - Arias moved from Arizona to California. That same month, Alexander <a href="http://travisalexander.blogspot.com/" target="_hplink">posted a blog entry</a> stating, "This Year will be the Best year of my life. This is the year that will eclipse all others. I will earn more, learn more, travel more, serve more, love more, give more and be more than all the other years of my life combined." <strong>April 20, 2008</strong> - Alexander, according to prosecutors, sent this text to Arias: "I am at a night club right now and it helped me to come to the conclusion that you are one of the prettiest girls on the planet." <strong>April 21, 2008</strong> - Alexander, according to prosecutors, <a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/pub?key=0Ak0vUAK8UbSndFl4X1V3YkZXazU0X25pQndhNVVmbXc&gid=0" target="_hplink">sent this text</a> to Arias: "Send me a naughty picture."

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>May 10, 2008</strong> - Arias posted the last entry to her <a href="http://jodiarias.blogspot.com/" target="_hplink">online blog</a>. It reads, in part: "I cannot ignore that there is an ever-present yearning and desire that pulses within me. It throbs for gratification and fulfillment." That same day, according to prosecutors, Alexander sent this text to Arias: "Why don't you have him come and f--k you in the woods, I can only imagine you are so worried about me reading. You are paranoid because you have no respect for people privacy and you dare insult me of all people. Someone you should through your actions you hate more than love by denying me a human right of privacy countless times. You have a lot of freaking nerve. We are all not like you in that aspect."

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>May 18, 2008</strong> - Alexander posted the last entry, titled "Why I want to marry a Gold Digger," to <a href="http://travisalexander.blogspot.com/" target="_hplink">his online blog</a>. It reads, in part: "I did a little soul searching and realized that I was lonely ... I realized it was time to adjust my priorities and date with marriage in mind ... This type of dating to me is like a very long job interview and can be exponentially more mentally taxing. Desperately trying to find out if my date has an axe murderer penned up inside of her."

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>May 28, 2008</strong> - Kevin Friedman, a police officer with the Yreka, Calif. Police Department, investigated the reported theft of a .25 caliber gun, $30 in cash, a stereo and a DVD player from Arias' grandparents' home.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>June 2008</strong> - During the first week of June 2008, Alexander told friends that he suspected Arias had hacked into his Facebook account. He allegedly said that he told her to stay out of his life forever. <strong>June 2, 2008</strong> - Arias, according to police, picked up a vehicle from Budget Rent-a-Car in Redding, Calif.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>June 4, 2008</strong> - Arias allegedly went to Alexander's home in Mesa, Ariz. That same afternoon the last outgoing call was made from Alexander's phone.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>June 5, 2008</strong> - Arias went to visit Ryan Burns, a once-budding love interest and co-worker at PrePaid Legal Services, at his home in West Jordan, Utah. <strong>June 7, 2008</strong> - Arias, according to police, returned her rental car to Budget Rent-a-Car in Redding.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>June 9, 2008</strong> - Alexander's friends, concerned because they had not heard from him for several days, went to his home in the 11,400 block of East Queensborough Ave. and found him dead inside his standup shower. A state of advanced decomposition suggested that he had been dead for several days. Large amounts of blood were discovered throughout the master bathroom, including on the floors, walls and sink area. It was ultimately determined that Alexander had been shot in the right brow with a .25-caliber gun -- the bullet was found lodged in his left cheek -- and that he had been stabbed 27 times. Someone had also cut his throat from ear to ear.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

Investigators found several vital clues inside Alexander's bedroom and bathroom. A spent .25-caliber shell casing was located on the floor near the sink, and a hair and a small latent print in blood were found near the entrance to the bathroom hall. Also, a digital camera was found in the washing machine in the downstairs laundry room. The camera appeared to have been run through the wash cycle.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

When questioned by police, Alexander's friends and family members indicated that Arias should be questioned. "[Arias] was totally obsessed with him," Alexander's close friend <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/12/29/jodi-arias_n_1174274.html" target="_hplink">Sky Hughes told The Huffington Post</a>. "She wouldn't let him go. Whenever he would try to sever all ties, she would threaten to kill herself ... He would tell her he didn't want anything to do with her, and she would show up at his house. We knew it was her. We didn't want it to be her, but [we] just knew it was."

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>June 13, 2008</strong> - Arias posted a photo gallery on her MySpace page titled "In Loving Memory of Travis."

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>June 17, 2008</strong> - Arias went to the Mesa Police Headquarters and was voluntarily fingerprinted. She also gave investigators a sample of her saliva for DNA testing. While waiting for the lab test results to come back, investigators were notified that several shocking images, some of which had been deleted, were recovered from the memory card of the camera found in Alexander's washing machine. The deleted pictures were of Alexander, naked in the shower, just before his death. He appeared to be posing in some of the photographs. However, other photos, which were dark and grainy, "were of a subject on the floor of the bathroom bleeding profusely," police said.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

Six other photos, time-stamped that same day, allegedly showed Arias on Alexander's bed. According to police, "all were nude pictures," and in some she was in "provocative sexual poses." Based on the photos, an investigator wrote: "Jodi was lying about not seeing Travis since April of 2008. This also proves that Jodi was the last person I can prove had contact with Travis prior to his death."

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>June 19, 2008</strong> - Police contacted Arias and questioned her about Alexander's murder. "Jodi stated she last saw Travis in April of 2008," a police officer wrote in a document to establish probable cause. "She admitted they had been seeing each other as boyfriend and girlfriend for over five months but had officially broken up in June of 2007, after some jealously issues on the part of both of them. After they broke up, they continued to have a sexual relationship, but kept it quiet from people they knew. She said she last spoke to Travis on Tuesday 6-03-08."

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>June 19, 2008</strong> - At 10:54 p.m., Arias posted this message to her <a href="http://www.myspace.com/jodiarias" target="_hplink">MySpace page</a>: "misses Travis. See you soon, my friend, but not soon enough."

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>June 21, 2008</strong> - Travis Alexander was <a href="http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/pe/obituary.aspx?n=Travis-Alexander&pid=111722519#fbLoggedOut" target="_hplink">laid to rest</a> in Olivewood Memorial Park in Riverside, Calif.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>June 26, 2008</strong> - Investigators were notified that hair and a bloody print found inside Alexander's home belonged to Arias. DNA typing results also indicated that the bloody print was a mixture of Arias' and Alexander's DNA. The same day, Arias attended a memorial service for Alexander.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>July 9, 2008</strong> - Arias celebrated her 29th birthday. That same day, a grand jury in California indicted her on first-degree murder charges in the death of Alexander. <strong>July 15, 2008</strong> - Mesa police detectives and Siskiyou County sheriff's deputies arrested Arias at her Northern California home. Arias was booked in the Siskiyou County Jail on suspicion of first-degree murder.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

Following Arias' arrest, she was questioned by Mesa detective Esteban Flores. Flores initially focused the interrogation on the .25 caliber handgun that was stolen from her grandparents' home days before the slaying of Travis Alexander. "We're just playing games here ... That gun was in your possession ... What did you do with the gun?" Flores asked, after Arias expressed shock that Alexander had been shot with a .25 caliber automatic handgun. "I don't have a gun ... I've never seen it ... I don't even know what a .25 looks like," Arias said on the video. Arias denied killing Alexander and said, "If I was going to ever try to kill somebody, I would use gloves. I have plenty of them."

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>July 16, 2008</strong> - A second interrogation is conducted of Arias, during which she changed her initial story. She now admitted being at Alexander's home when he was murdered but denied she was involved in the killing. She said two intruders ? white Americans with beanies covering their faces ? came into the bathroom while Alexander was in the shower. "I don't believe you," the detective told Arias. "I was hoping for the truth. This is not the truth, Jodi ? this doesn't make any sense ? You did it, and there's nothing you can say that will change my mind at this point. This is an elaborate story that doesn't make any sense. Maybe you are just cold and calculated."

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>September 5, 2008</strong> ? Arias was <a href="http://ktar.com/?nid=6&sid=955858" target="_hplink">extradited to Arizona</a>. <strong>September 9, 2008</strong> ? A public defender was assigned to represent Arias. <strong>September 11, 2008</strong> ? Arias entered a not-guilty plea at her arraignment.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>September 12, 2008</strong> - In a <a href="http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2008/09/13/20080913murdersuspect-speaks0913.html" target="_hplink">jailhouse interview with The Arizona Republic</a>, Arias denied killing Alexander but refused to discuss how she would refute the DNA and photographic evidence that police claimed linked her to the crime. "God knows I'm innocent. I know I'm innocent," said Arias. "I had nothing to do with his murder. I would never hurt him. He was my friend."

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>September 24, 2008</strong> ? Arias was <a href="http://www.clipsyndicate.com/video/play/702858/local_murder_suspect_reveals_shocking_new_details_on_nat_l_tv" target="_hplink">interviewed by the TV show "Inside Edition"</a> and said publicly for the first time that she was present when Alexander was attacked by two intruders.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>October 31, 2008</strong> - The Maricopa County Attorney's Office filed a notice of intent to seek the death penalty against Arias. The notice, filed in Maricopa County Superior Court, accused Arias of committing first-degree murder "in an especially cruel, heinous or depraved manner."

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>June 23, 2009</strong> ? Following her arrest, Arias expanded on her second story about the day of Alexander's death. <a href="http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=50139320n" target="_hplink">In an interview with "48 Hours,"</a> she admitted that she was present when he was murdered, but she said that his death occurred during a home invasion. Arias reported that the two were having fun playing with his new camera when things took a sudden turn. "I heard a really loud pop. And the next thing I remember, I was lying next to the bathtub and Travis was screaming," Arias told "48 Hours." "At that point, I sort of was just trying to come around and kind of orientate myself to what was going on," she continued. "And I looked up and I just -- I saw two other individuals in the bathroom. And they were both coming toward us." The intruders, whom she described as a man and a woman dressed in black, were armed with a knife and a gun. At one point, she said, the man pointed the gun at her, but she was miraculously spared. "He pulled the trigger. And nothing happened with the gun. And so I just grabbed my purse, which was on the floor at that point, and I ran down the stairs and out of there and I left [Travis] there ... I pushed past him and -- and his gun. And I just didn't look back." Arias said that she kept driving and never called the police. "It was -- I was terrified. And I was scared for my life. And I think there was a naive belief that I could pretend like it didn't really happen," Arias said.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>December 2010</strong> ? Arias <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/12/27/joe-arpaio-inmate-caroling-contest_n_801519.html" target="_hplink">beat out 50 other inmates to win an "American Idol"-style caroling contest for inmates </a>held by "America's Toughest Sheriff," Joe Arpaio, at the Maricopa County jail. Her prize was a Christmas stocking full of goodies and a turkey dinner for herself and her cellmates.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>August 8, 2011</strong> - Arias told Judge Sherry Stephens of Maricopa County Superior Court that she wanted to represent herself. Stephens granted the request but had Arias' public defenders, Victoria Washington and Kirk Nurmi, remain on as advisory counsel. <strong>August 16, 2011</strong> ? A request to admit letters that Arias claimed Alexander sent her prior to his death was denied. In the letters, Alexander allegedly admitted to being a pedophile. Prosecutor Juan Martinez told the court that the letters were tested and found to be forgeries. After the ruling, Arias told Judge Stephens that she was "over her head." The judge then reinstated her defense counsel.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

Arias' third story about Alexander's death was detailed in court documents as part of the request that she made to admit electronic copies of Alexander's alleged letters. "Defendant had previously attributed the crime to intruders. She now argues that all of the letters must be admitted to support her domestic violence defense," prosecutors wrote in a motion to preclude the letters. "Defendant argues that the letters are relevant to her claim of self-defense and that she was a victim of previous 'sexual and physical abuse' by Mr. Alexander." Arias, according to prosecutors, claimed that Alexander "became angry when she dropped his camera" and that she was forced to kill him in self-defense.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>December 16, 2011</strong> ? Washington filed a motion to withdraw from Arias' defense. <strong>December 21, 2011</strong> ? Washington's motion was granted. <strong>December 27, 2011</strong> - Arias' younger sister, Angela Arias, said that her sister's statements during the "48 Hours" interview were lies and that Alexander's death was an act of self-defense on her sister's part during an incidence of domestic violence. "She was not under oath when she spoke on TV and yes, she lied," Angela Arias wrote on Facebook after The Huffington Post sent her a request for comment. "But, it was because she was so in love with that man she did not want people to know what a monster he really was. She wanted everyone to believe that he was as amazing as they thought he was ... My sister is innocent of the crime they are accusing her of ... She did kill Travis but it was not in cold blood, it was not for revenge, it was because she was afraid for her life."

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>January 2012</strong> - Jennifer Willmott, a death penalty-qualified defense attorney, was assigned to represent Arias.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>February 9, 2012</strong> - Judge Stephens <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/10/jodi-arias-death-penalty_n_1269216.html" target="_hplink">denied a motion</a> by Arias' defense lawyers to remove the death penalty as a punishment option. The defense argued that Arias should not face death because she had not planned to kill Alexander. His death was an act of self-defense, her attorneys argued. <strong>December 10, 2012</strong> - <a href="http://www.hlntv.com/article/2012/12/17/jodi-arias-travis-alexander-murder-trial-jury-selection-questionnaire" target="_hplink">Jury selection for Arias' trial began</a>. The court summoned 375 potential jurors. <strong>December 20, 2012</strong> - A panel of 12 jurors and six alternates -- seven women and 11 men -- <a href="http://www.abc15.com/dpp/news/region_southeast_valley/mesa/Jodi-Arias-trial-Jury-seated-in-murder-trial-of-Valley-woman-accused-of-murdering-boyfriend" target="_hplink">were sworn in for Jodi Arias' trial</a>.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>January 2, 2013</strong> - Opening arguments began in Arias' trial. Maricopa County Prosecutor Juan Martinez cited the various stories that Arias had told law enforcement before she finally settled on a self-defense motive. Martinez described Alexander's murder as violent and said there were three different ways Alexander could have received a death blow: He was shot, he was stabbed in the heart, and his throat was slit from ear to ear. Alexander also had defensive wounds on his hands, according to Martinez. In wrapping up his opening argument, Martinez played part of a media interview conducted after Arias' arrest, in which she said, "Mark my words, no jury will convict me." Martinez asked the jury to mark Arias' words and concluded his opening statement. During the defense team's opening argument, lawyer Jennifer Willmott acknowledged that Arias had killed Alexander, but said that the key questions is what motivated her to do it. Willmott alleged Alexander had pressured Arias into having vaginal, anal and oral sex with him. Willmott also said she planned to call to the stand an expert who would testify about how Arias' relationship with Alexander fit the mold of domestic violence. Willmott concluded her opening argument by saying that Alexander had become enraged when Arias dropped his camera and that she had had to defend herself or she would not be alive today.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

At the close of the opening arguments, the prosecution called their first witness, Maria Hall, to the stand. Hall testified she had attended church with Alexander and had gone on a few dates with him. Hall said she felt safe in Alexander's company and never saw his temper.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

Prosecutors then called their next witness, Sterling Williams. A patrol officer with the Mesa Police Department, Williams described what he witnessed when he responded to the crime scene, as well as the condition of Alexander's body. Shortly afterward, court was recessed for the day.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>January 3, 2013</strong> ? At the start of <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/03/jodi-arias-trial-updates-day-2_n_2403886.html" target="_hplink">day two of Arias' murder trial</a>, the prosecution called Esteban Flores, a Mesa homicide detective to the stand. Flores had investigated the crime scene and mentioned a phone call he had with Arias on June 10, 2008. The prosecution then played an audio recording of the conversation in court. During the recorded call, Arias described herself as a good friend of Alexander's and said she wanted to help police in any way that she could. She told Flores she had heard that Alexander had passed away and that there was a lot of blood at the crime scene. She asked what type of weapon was used or recovered at the scene, but Flores told her he was unable to discuss that information with her. Asked about her relationship with Alexander, Arias said that they had not dated long. "We dated for like five months, and we broke up and actually did not see each other for quite a bit," Arias said. "[We] tried to remain friends, more like buddies. We were intimate but I would not say romantic as far as a relationship goes." In regard to the couple's breakup, Arias said she had a suspicion Alexander was cheating on her. She said she could not trust him and claimed he would get "upset real easily." During the phone interview, Flores told Arias that Alexander's friends had alleged that she had hacked into Alexander's email. Arias denied the allegation. "People felt you were taking advantage of him or hanging out when you weren't wanted," Flores said. Arias dismissed the opinion of Alexander's friends and said she felt they talked about her because she was an ex-girlfriend. "We need to know who had some type of beef with him or why they would want to do this to him. It was an angry situation. Somebody went in there to hurt him, and they did ?- hurt him really bad," Flores said at one point in the recording. Arias said Alexander was quite strong and she could not understand how anyone could overpower him. She also said she was concerned because "he never locked his doors." When the recording ended in the courtroom, Martinez turned the witness over to defense attorney Kirk Nurmi for cross-examination.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

Nurmi asked Flores if he had ever seen a picture of a French maid outfit that Alexander allegedly wanted Arias to wear when she would clean his home. Flores testified that Arias told him she had cleaned Alexander's house, but said he had never seen a picture of the French maid outfit. The defense attorney then questioned Flores about emails Alexander allegedly sent to Arias. Nurmi asked Flores if Alexander had called Arias names in the emails, like "slut" and "whore." Martinez objected, citing hearsay and speculation, but Judge Stephens allowed the question. Flores then confirmed that Alexander had sent messages to Arias calling her those names. After a short recess, Flores read from a <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/03/jodi-arias-trial-sex_n_2405515.html" target="_hplink">Facebook message that he said Alexander sent to Arias</a>. "I was nothing more than a dildo with a heartbeat for you," the message read.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

Later, a fingerprint examiner with the Mesa police, Heather Connor, took the stand and unveiled evidence found at the crime scene. Forensic teams took a total of three days to complete processing the scene at Alexander's house and found evidence in his washing machine, Connor said. The contents included clothing and a broken digital camera, which contained a SIM card. The clothing items, as well as a towel, appeared to have bleach stains, she said. Shortly afterward, court was recessed until January 8.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>January 8, 2013</strong> ? Connor, the Mesa Police Department fingerprint examiner, continued her testimony on day three. Connor took the court through photos of Alexander's hallway, master bedroom and bathroom. The jury was also shown a photo of a bloody handprint on a wall. Prosecutors said the handprint contained a mixture of Alexander's and Arias' DNA. When Connor finished her testimony, the prosecution called Dr. Kevin Horn, of the Maricopa County Medical Examiner's office, to the stand.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

Dr. Kevin Horn <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/08/jodi-arias-trial-travis-alexander-graphic-details_n_2435100.html" target="_hplink">described how Alexander was stabbed 27 times</a>, shot in the right brow with a .25-caliber gun, and nearly decapitated when his throat, voice box and arteries were cut. As Horn spoke, jurors looked at photos of the dead man, whose body, Horn said, was decomposing and starting to mummify by the time it was found. According to Horn, Alexander's stab wounds were very deep and inflicted with major force. It was, Horn testified, impossible to determine if Alexander was dead before he was shot due to the amount of decomposition. The cause of death was excessive blood loss from the victim's body, he said, and Alexander had multiple self-defense wounds to his palms and fingers.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

Elizabeth Northcutt, a forensic firearms examiner with the Mesa police, was called to the stand next. Northcutt testified that she had examined a cartridge casing found at the crime scene and identified it as a Winchester .25-caliber casing. She said she also examined the bullet removed from Alexander's cheek. During cross-examination, Northcutt said she was not able to match the casing or the bullet to a specific gun because no weapon has been recovered. Shortly afterward, court was recessed for the evening.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>January 9, 2013</strong> ? Ryan Burns, a once-budding love interest of Arias' and her co-worker at PrePaid Legal Services, was <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/09/jodi-arias-trial-ryan-burns_n_2442048.html" target="_hplink">called to the stand by prosecutors on day four</a> of the trial. Burns testified he had a heated make-out session with Arias just a day after Alexander was murdered. "We were talking and we kissed ... Every time we started kissing, it got a little more escalated," Burns said. He said that the couple never removed their clothes during the encounter and that he "never touched her breasts or anything." Burns testified that he first met Arias at a PrePaid Legal convention in Oklahoma in April 2008. A few weeks after that initial meeting, Burns and Arias were chatting on the phone three to five times a week. Toward the end of May 2008, he and Arias had made plans for her to visit his home in West Jordan, Utah, Burns testified.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

According to Burns, Arias was several hours late arriving at his home on June 5, 2008. She told him that she had gotten lost and had stopped to rest. Arias had apparently dyed hair since the last time he had met with her and had cuts on her hands when she arrived, Burns said. "She had two small bandages on a couple of her fingers," he testified. Arias explained away the injuries by saying that while working at a Margaritaville restaurant, she had broken a glass and cut her finger, Burns said. The prosecution questioned Burns about Arias' strength. Burns said she was fit and had "close to a six-pack." "[She's] a lot stronger than she looks," Burns testified.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

Burns was followed on the stand by two latent-print examiners for Mesa police, Maureen Smith and Kevin Biggs. The two witnesses described taking Arias' fingerprints and a DNA sample.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

Latent-print examiner Heather Connor was called back to the stand to testify about a palm impression found on a wall at the crime scene, as well as items recovered from the drying machine inside Alexander's apartment and a bloody carpet stain.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

Police detective Esteban Flores was also called back to the stand during day four. A recording of a June 25, 2008, phone interview he conducted with Arias was played for the court. During the interview, Arias told Flores she was afraid of guns. "That is one of the things I am scared of. [Guns and] public speaking," Arias said. "That was one of the things [Alexander] was trying to get me to do -- get out of my comfort zone." Arias' comments about guns arose during a discussion with Flores about the trip she took to visit Burns in Utah on June 5, 2008. Arias said she slept in her car during the lengthy drive from Yreka, Calif., to West Jordan, Utah. "I am not shy about sleeping in my car," Arias told the detective. Flores mentioned the practice could be dangerous and suggested she needed protection. "I was thinking of that," Aria said before <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/09/jodi-arias-gun_n_2443588.html" target="_hplink">detailing her fear of guns</a>. But, she added, "Handguns are expensive [and] not in my price range." After discussing her thoughts on guns, Arias said she wanted to know if Alexander had cashed a check for $200 that she had given him for a car payment before he died. She said she had emailed his sister to ask about the check and to offer her condolences after she found out about Alexander's death. His sister had never replied, Arias told the detective. Court was adjourned for the day shortly after that excerpt of the audio recording was played.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

<strong>January 10, 2013</strong> ? Day five of Arias' trial began with testimony by Nathaniel Mendes, a former detective with the Siskiyou County Sheriff's Office in California. Mendes testified that there is no restaurant called Margaritaville in Yreka -- a fact that suggested Arias had lied about her place of employment, which undermined her explanation of how she had injured her fingers around the time Alexander was murdered. Mendes also testified about receipts found in Arias' bedroom, which show that she had rented a car in Redding, Calif., on June 2, 2008, and returned it six days later, after she put 2,834 miles on the car.

Key Dates In The Jodi Arias Case

Lisa Perry, a forensic scientist for Mesa police, was called to testify after Mendes. Perry said that over two days at the crime scene, she had collected blood evidence for DNA analysis. She spent a significant amount of time on the stand detailing the blood splatter and stains that were found throughout Alexander's apartment. She also testified that a .25-caliber bullet casing was lying in a pool of congealed blood, suggesting that the bullet inside the casing had been fired after the blood was on the floor.

Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/25/jodi-arias-trial-subpoena-god_n_2762121.html

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